Microbiological environmental contamination in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit / Contaminação ambiental microbiológica em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica / Contaminación ambiental microbiológica en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos

Background and objectives: inanimate surfaces and equipment in the hospital environment are considered reservoirs of resistant and pathogenic microorganisms. In Pediatric Intensive Care Units, the risk of infection is also related to the severity of pathologies associated with the immaturity of the immune system of this population. This study aimed to investigate microbiological environmental contamination in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Method: this is an exploratory cross-sectional study, carried out in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a highly complex university hospital, located in southern Brazil. To assess environmental contamination, sterile swabs were rubbed on surfaces corresponding to the patient unit and in the common area. Results: twenty-eight surfaces were analyzed, 12 of which were located in units occupied by patients at the time of collection and 16 surfaces in the common use area. In the total number of surfaces analyzed by microbiological cultures, the patient unit showed 66.67% contamination by microorganisms, while surfaces in the common area showed 56.25%. Regarding the microbiological profile, all isolated microorganisms were Gram-positive and showed resistance, namely Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Conclusion: there was evidence of a high frequency of contamination on inanimate surfaces and equipment near and far from patients, essentially by pathogenic and multi-resistant microorganisms to antimicrobials.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: superfícies e equipamentos inanimados no ambiente hospitalar são considerados reservatórios de microrganismos resistentes e patogênicos. Nas Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, o risco de infeção também está relacionado com a gravidade das patologias associadas à imaturidade do sistema imunitário desta população. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a contaminação microbiológica ambiental em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica. Método: trata-se de um estudo exploratório transversal, realizado em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de um hospital universitário de alta complexidade, localizado no Sul do Brasil. Para avaliar a contaminação ambiental, foram esfregados swabs estéreis nas superfícies correspondentes à unidade do paciente e na área comum. Resultados: foram analisadas vinte e oito superfícies, sendo 12 localizadas em unidades ocupadas por pacientes no momento da coleta e 16 superfícies em área de uso comum. No total de superfícies analisadas por culturas microbiológicas, a unidade paciente apresentou 66,67% de contaminação por microrganismos, enquanto as superfícies da área comum apresentaram 56,25%. Quanto ao perfil microbiológico, todos os microrganismos isolados eram Gram-positivos e apresentavam resistência, nomeadamente Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus coagulase-negativa. Conclusão: houve evidência de elevada frequência de contaminação em superfícies inanimadas e equipamentos próximos e distantes dos pacientes, essencialmente por microrganismos patogênicos e multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos.(AU)

Fundamento y objetivos: las superficies y equipos inanimados del ambiente hospitalario son considerados reservorios de microorganismos resistentes y patógenos. En las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos el riesgo de infección también se relaciona con la gravedad de patologías asociadas a la inmadurez del sistema inmunológico de esta población. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la contaminación ambiental microbiológica en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Método: se trata de un estudio exploratorio transversal, realizado en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos de un hospital universitario de alta complejidad, ubicado en el sur de Brasil. Para evaluar la contaminación ambiental se frotaron hisopos estériles en las superficies correspondientes a la unidad de pacientes y en el área común. Resultados: se analizaron veintiocho superficies, 12 de las cuales estaban ubicadas en unidades ocupadas por los pacientes en el momento de la recogida y 16 superficies en el área de uso común. Del total de superficies analizadas por cultivos microbiológicos, la unidad de pacientes presentó un 66,67% de contaminación por microorganismos, mientras que las superficies del área común presentaron un 56,25%. En cuanto al perfil microbiológico, todos los microorganismos aislados fueron Gram positivos y presentaron resistencia, concretamente Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo. Conclusión: se evidenció alta frecuencia de contaminación en superficies inanimadas y equipos cercanos y lejanos de los pacientes, esencialmente por microorganismos patógenos y multirresistentes a los antimicrobianos.(AU)

Miedo a la muerte y a su proceso en personal de Pediatría durante la pandemia por COVID-19

Introducción: La evidencia obtenida en estudios previos señala que existe mayor ansiedad por el proceso de morir que, por la muerte misma, aunque falta mayor investigación. Objetivo: Analizar el miedo a la muerte y al proceso de morir propio y de otros en el servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal con la Escala de Miedo a la Muerte de Collett-Lester en 143 personas: 25,2 % pediatras generales y subespecialistas, 70,6 % profesionales de Enfermería y auxiliares, y 4,2 % terapeutas respiratorios. El análisis incluyó estadística descriptiva, pruebas de Chi2, U de Mann-Whitney, Fisher, T de Student, ANOVA y el Alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: los hallazgos del estudio sugieren que es menor el miedo a la propia muerte que el miedo a la muerte de otros, y no hay diferencia entre el miedo al proceso de morir propio y de otros. Es mayor el miedo a la muerte en enfermeras profesionales y menor en pediatras subespecialistas. Existe mayor miedo a la muerte en el servicio de UCI-UCE (media: 3,53 DS: 0,88) comparado con Urgencias (media: 2,66 DS: 0,59). Hay asociación entre el miedo a la muerte con: el sexo femenino (p = 0,000), tener una creencia religiosa (p = 0,048), y el cargo (p = 0,007). La escala tuvo muy alta fiabilidad (Alfa de Cronbach: 0,95). Discusión: es de aclarar que este estudio fue realizado durante el segundo año de la pandemia del COVID-19, cuando había menor temor, mayor conocimiento y vacunas, cuyos resultados se corresponden con otros estudios. Conclusión: en el presente estudio el mayor miedo a la muerte se asoció con ser mujer, tener creencia religiosa y laborar en UCI-UCE comparado con Urgencias.

Introduction: The evidence obtained from previous research suggests that there is more anxiety related to dying compared with death. Nevertheless, more research is needed. Objective: To analyze the fear of death and dying, oneself and others, in the pediatric service personnel at Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital in Medellín. Methodology: This was a transversal analytic study to apply the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale on 143 people: 25,2 % were general pediatricians and subspecialists, 70,6 % were professional nurses and medical assistants, and 4,2 % were respiratory therapists. The analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi2 test, Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher, StudentsT, ANOVA and Cronbach's Alpha. Results: Here we report the mean of one's fear of death is lower than the fear of others' death. There is no difference when comparing the fear of one's process of dying mean, rather than when it's others. Fear of death is higher in professional nurses and lower in pediatric subspecialists. The study shows higher fear of death in the ICU-IMC services (mean: 3,53 SD: 0,88) compared with the emergency room (mean:2,66 SD: 0,59). There is a statistical association between fear of death and being a woman (p=0,000), having a religious belief (p=0,048) and job position (p=0,007). The scale has a high internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha: 0,95). Discussion: It is important to mention that this research was conducted during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the fear had decreased, and with more knowledge and the vaccines were ready, the results are coherent with other papers. Conclusion: In this study the higher fear of death was associated with being a woman, having a religious belief and working in ICU-IMC compared to the emergency room.

Impacto de la implementación de un protocolo de sedoanalgesia en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Impact of the implementation of a sedation and analgesia protocol in a pediatric intensive care unit

Introducción. La adecuada sedación y analgesia es fundamental en el tratamiento de pacientes que requieren asistencia ventilatoria mecánica (AVM). Se recomienda la utilización de protocolos y su monitoreo; son dispares los resultados reportados sobre adhesión e impacto. Objetivos. Evaluar el impacto de la implementación de un protocolo de sedoanalgesia sobre el uso de benzodiacepinas, opioides y evolución en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP), en pacientes que requieren AVM mayor a 72 horas. Métodos. Estudio tipo antes-después, no controlado, en la UCIP de un hospital pediátrico. Se desarrolló en 3 etapas: preintervención de diagnóstico situacional (de abril a septiembre de 2019), intervención y posintervención de implementación del protocolo de sedoanalgesia, educación sobre uso y monitorización de adherencia y su impacto (de octubre de 2019 a octubre de 2021). Resultados. Ingresaron al estudio 99 y 92 pacientes en las etapas pre- y posintervención, respectivamente. Presentaron mayor gravedad, menor edad y peso en el período preintervención. En la comparación de grupos, luego de ajustar por gravedad y edad, en la etapa posintervención se reportó una reducción en los días de uso de opioides en infusión continua (6 ± 5,2 vs. 7,6 ± 5,8; p = 0,018) y los días de uso de benzodiacepinas en infusión continua (3,3 ± 3,5 vs. 7,6 ± 6,8; p = 0,001). No se observaron diferencias significativas en los días de AVM y en los días totales de uso de benzodiacepinas. Conclusión. La implementación de un protocolo de sedoanalgesia permitió reducir el uso de fármacos en infusión continua.

Introduction. Adequate sedation and analgesia is essential in the management of patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV). The implementation of protocols and their monitoring is recommended; mixed results on adherence and impact have been reported. Objectives. To assess the impact of the implementation of a sedation and analgesia protocol on the use of benzodiazepines, opioids, and evolution in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in patients requiring MV for more than 72 hours. Methods. Before-and-after, uncontrolled study in the PICU of a children's hospital. The study was developed in 3 stages: pre-intervention for situational diagnosis (from April to September 2019), intervention, and post-intervention for implementation of a sedation and analgesia protocol, education on use, and monitoring of adherence and impact (from October 2019 to October 2021). Results. A total of 99 and 92 patients were included in the study in the pre- and post-intervention stages, respectively. Patients had a more severe condition, were younger, and had a lower weight in the preintervention period. After adjusting for severity and age, the group comparison in the post-intervention stage showed a reduction in days of continuous infusion of opioids (6 ± 5.2 versus 7.6­5.8, p = 0.018) and days of continuous infusion of benzodiazepines (3.3 ± 3.5 versus 7.6 ± 6.8, p = 0.001). No significant  differences were observed in days of MV and total days of benzodiazepine use. Conclusion. The implementation of a sedation and analgesia protocol resulted in a reduction in the use of continuous infusion of drugs.

Botulismo del lactante: estudio descriptivo en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Infant botulism: a descriptive study in a pediatric intensive care unit

Introducción. El botulismo del lactante (BL) es la forma más frecuente de botulismo humano en Argentina. El objetivo es describir aspectos esenciales del diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con BL internados en el servicio de terapia intensiva pediátrica (STIP). Métodos. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se utilizó la base de datos del STIP con diagnóstico de BL en el período 2005-2020. Se registraron variables demográficas, métodos de diagnóstico, días de asistencia respiratoria mecánica convencional (ARMC), de ventilación no invasiva (VNI), estadía en STIP, mortalidad al alta hospitalaria. Resultados. Se registraron 21 pacientes con BL; 14 pacientes fueron varones, con una mediana de edad de 5 meses (RIC 2-6 m). El diagnóstico se realizó mediante técnica de bioensayo y se detectó la toxina en suero en 12 pacientes. Uno solo no requirió ARMC; 1 paciente fue traqueostomizado; 18 pacientes recibieron antibióticos; 5 recibieron VNI. Ningún paciente recibió antitoxina y no hubo fallecidos. La mediana de estadía hospitalaria fue 66 días (RI: 42-76); de internación en STIP, 48 días (RI: 29-78); y de ARMC, 37 días (RI: 26-64). La demora en la confirmación diagnóstica fue 15,8 ± 4,8 días. Conclusiones. La totalidad de los pacientes fueron diagnosticados con la técnica de bioensayo, que generó un tiempo de demora diagnóstica que excede los lapsos recomendados para la administración del tratamiento específico. Ningún paciente recibió tratamiento específico. El BL presentó baja mortalidad, pero tiempos de ARM e internación prolongados, que se asocian a infecciones sobreagregadas y uso frecuente de antibióticos.

Introduction. Infant botulism (IB) is the most common form of human botulism in Argentina. Our objective was to describe the main aspects of diagnosis and management of patients with IB admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods. Observational, descriptive, and retrospective study. The PICU database with IB diagnosis in 2005­2020 period was used. Demographic variables, diagnostic methods, days of conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV), non-invasive ventilation (NIV), length of stay in the PICU and mortality upon hospital discharge were recorded. Results. In total, 21 patients with IB were recorded; 14 were male, their median age was 5 months (IQR: 2­6 m). Diagnosis was made by bioassay, and the toxin was identified in the serum of 12 patients. Only 1 patient did not require CMV; 1 patient had a tracheostomy; 18 patients received antibiotics; 5 received NIV. No patient was administered antitoxin and no patient died. The median length of stay in the hospital was 66 days (IQR: 42­76); in the PICU, 48 days (IQR: 29­78); and the median use of CMV, 37 days (IQR: 26­64). The delay until diagnostic confirmation was 15.8 ± 4.8 days. Conclusions. All patients were diagnosed using the bioassay technique, which resulted in a diagnostic delay that exceeds the recommended period for the administration of a specific treatment. No patient received a specific treatment. IB was related to a low mortality, but also to prolonged use of MV and length of hospital stay, which were associated with cross infections and frequent antibiotic use.

Net Promoter Score (NPS) as a tool to assess parental satisfaction in pediatric intensive care units

Abstract Objective To verify the performance of the Net Promoter Score (NPS) as a tool to assess parental satisfaction in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Methods The authors conducted an observational cross-sectional multicenter study in the PICUs of 5 hospitals in Brazil. Eligible participants were all parents or legal guardians of PICU-admitted children, aged 18 years or over. The NPS was administered together with the EMpowerment of PArents in THe Intensive Care (EMPATHIC-30), used as the gold standard, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. For analysis, the results were dichotomized into values greater than or equal to the median of the tests. The associations between the 2 tools were evaluated and the distribution of their results was compared. Results The parents or legal guardians of 78 PICU-admitted children were interviewed. Of the respondents, 85% were women and 62% were in a private hospital. The median NPS was 10 (IQR, 10-10), and the median EMPATHIC-30 score was 5.7 (IQR, 5.4-5.9). Compared with the gold standard, the NPS had a sensitivity of 100% at all cutoff points, except at cutoff 10, where the sensitivity was slightly lower (97.5%). As for specificity, NPS performance was poorer, with values ranging from 0% (NPS ≥ 5) to 47.4% (NPS = 10). Conclusions NPS proved to be a sensitive tool to assess parental satisfaction, but with poor ability to identify dissatisfied users in the sample.

Utilización de medicamentos off-label y unlicensed en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de un hospital de alta complejidad español. Estudio descriptivo / Off-label and unlicensed drug use in a pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care Spanish hospital. A descriptive study

Introducción. En las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos, se utiliza gran cantidad de medicamentos, muchos prescritos fuera de las condiciones establecidas en su ficha técnica (prescripciones off-label y unlicensed). El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el uso de medicamentos y estimar la prevalencia de fármacos off-label y unlicensed en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de un hospital de tercer nivel español. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal, observacional, de una cohorte de niños ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en 2017. Se revisó cada fármaco prescrito, sus condiciones de uso y administración. Además, se analizaron las fichas técnicas de los fármacos implicados con la finalidad de identificar si el uso de los medicamentos se realizaba según sus condiciones de autorización, o bien se hacía fuera de prospecto (off-label) o como unlicensed. Resultados. La muestra fue de 97 pacientes. El 74,2 % (n = 72) de los pacientes recibieron algún fármaco off-label o unlicensed. El 23,8 % (n = 243) de las prescripciones fueron off-label y el 8,7 % (n = 89), unlicensed. El subanálisis realizado por grupos de edad mostró que el grupo de edad que recibió mayor número de prescripciones totales (n = 611) y el mayor porcentaje de fármacos prescritos en condiciones off-label y/o unlicensed (38,4 %) fue el de menores de 2 años. Conclusiones. La prescripción de fármacos off-label y/o unlicensed es una práctica habitual en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Este estudio permite documentar la complejidad de la terapéutica en niños.

Introduction. In pediatric intensive care units, a large number of drugs are used, many of which are prescribed for condition beyond those established in their summary of product characteristics (off-label and unlicensed drug prescriptions). The objective of this study was to describe drug use and estimate the prevalence of off-label and unlicensed drugs in a pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care Spanish hospital. Population and methods. Cross-sectional, observational study with a single cohort of children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit. The study was conducted in 2017. Each drug prescription, its conditions of use and administration were reviewed. In addition, the summary of product characteristics of drugs used were analyzed in order to identify whether they were used according to their conditions of authorization, or whether they were used in an off-label or unlicensed manner. Results. The sample included 97 patients. At least one off-label or unlicensed drug was administered to 74.2% (n = 72) of patients; 23.8% (n = 243) corresponded to off-label prescriptions and 8.7% (n = 89), unlicensed prescriptions. A sub-analysis by age group showed that the age group that received a higher number of total prescriptions (n = 611) and a higher percentage of off-label and/or unlicensed drug prescriptions (38.4%) was under 2 years of age. Conclusions. Off-label and/or unlicensed drug prescription is a common practice in the pediatric intensive care unit. This study allowed us to document the complexity of therapeutics in children.

Knowledge regarding extracorporeal membrane oxygenation management among Brazilian pediatric intensivists: a cross-sectional survey / Conhecimento do manejo da oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea de intensivistas pediátricos brasileiros: um inquérito transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess Brazilian pediatric intensivists' general knowledge of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, including evidence for its use, the national funding model, indications, and complications. Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional survey including 45 Brazilian pediatric intensive care units. A convenience sample of 654 intensivists was surveyed regarding their knowledge on managing patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, its indications, complications, funding, and literature evidence. Results: The survey addressed questions regarding the knowledge and experience of pediatric intensivists with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, including two clinical cases and 6 optional questions about the management of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Of the 45 invited centers, 42 (91%) participated in the study, and 412 of 654 (63%) pediatric intensivists responded to the survey. Most pediatric intensive care units were from the Southeast region of Brazil (59.5%), and private/for-profit hospitals represented 28.6% of the participating centers. The average age of respondents was 41.4 (standard deviation 9.1) years, and the majority (77%) were women. Only 12.4% of respondents had taken an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation course. Only 19% of surveyed hospitals have an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation program, and only 27% of intensivists reported having already managed patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Specific extracorporeal membrane oxygenation management questions were responded to by only 64 physicians (15.5%), who had a fair/good correct response rate (median 63.4%; range 32.8% to 91.9%). Conclusion: Most Brazilian pediatric intensivists demonstrated limited knowledge regarding extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, including its indications and complications. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is not yet widely available in Brazil, with few intensivists prepared to manage patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and even fewer intensivists recognizing when to refer patients to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centers.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os conhecimentos gerais dos intensivistas pediátricos brasileiros sobre oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea, incluindo evidências de uso, modelo de custeio nacional, indicações e complicações. Métodos: Este estudo foi um inquérito transversal multicêntrico que incluiu 45 unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica brasileiras. Realizou-se inquérito de conveniência com 654 intensivistas quanto aos seus conhecimentos sobre manejo de pacientes em oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea, suas indicações, complicações, custeio e evidências bibliográficas. Resultados: O inquérito abordou questões relativas aos conhecimentos e à experiência dos intensivistas pediátricos sobre oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea, incluindo dois casos clínicos e seis questões facultativas sobre o manejo de pacientes em oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Dos 45 centros convidados, 42 (91%) participaram do estudo, e 412 (63%) dos 654 intensivistas pediátricos responderam ao inquérito. A maioria das unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica eram da Região Sudeste do Brasil (59,5%), e os hospitais privados com fins lucrativos representavam 28,6% dos centros participantes. A média de idade dos respondentes era de 41,4 (desvio-padrão de 9,1) anos, e a maioria (77%) era mulher. Apenas 12,4% dos respondentes tinham formação em oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Dos hospitais pesquisados, apenas 19% tinham um programa de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea, e apenas 27% dos intensivistas declararam já ter manejado pacientes em oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Apenas 64 médicos (15,5%) responderam a questões específicas sobre o manejo de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (mediana 63,4%; oscilando entre 32,8% e 91,9%). Conclusão: A maioria dos intensivistas pediátricos brasileiros demonstrou conhecimentos limitados de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea, incluindo suas indicações e complicações. A oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea ainda não está amplamente disponível no Brasil, com poucos intensivistas preparados para o manejo de pacientes em oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea e ainda menos intensivistas capazes de reconhecer quando devem encaminhar pacientes para centros de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea.

The characteristics and changes of bacterial infection and drug resistance in pediatric intensive care unit from 2016 to 2020 / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To investigate the characteristics and changes of bacterial infection and drug resistance in PICU at Children′s Hospital of Fudan University from 2016 to 2020.Methods:All the strains were collected at Children′s Hospital of Fudan University from January 1 st, 2016 to December 31 st, 2020.Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out according to a unified protocol using Kirby-Bauer method or automated systems.Results were analyzed according to CLSI 2020 breakpoints. Results:(1)Bacterial distribution: 2 551 bacteria were monitored from 2016 to 2020 in our center.The top 3 bacteria were all gram-negative bacteria.Among them, Burkholderia cepacian showed a tortuous downward trend(13.45% to 1.18%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed an upward trend(6.05% to 10.61%).The most common infected site was respiratory tract, although the strains in the respiratory tract decreased year by year.Baumanii was the most common bacteria in respiratory infections.Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common bacteria from 2016 to 2017 in blood infections, but Achromobacter xylosoxidans were became the most common bacteria from 2018 to 2020.Enterococcus faecium was the most common bacteria in urinary infections.(2) Drug resistance: Baumanii had a high drug resistance rate to amikacin, gentamicin, cefepime, and cefitadine, with no obvious changes over the years, which had a gradually decreasing drus resistance rate to cefoperazone sulbactam, showing a tortuous upward trend to imipenem and meropenem.Baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had a low drug resistance to levofloxacin over the years, but with high resistance rates in 2020.Escherichia coliand and Klebsiella pneumoniae still had high resistance rates to beta-lactam antibiotics, and their resistance rates to levofloxacin were decreasing.Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed decreasing resistance rates to imipenem and increased resistance rates to meropenem.The resistance rate of Enterococcus faecium to levofloxacin decreased and always showed a high susceptibility rate to polypeptide antibiotics.Neither Staphylococcus epidermidis nor Staphylococcus aureus were currently resistant to tetracycline antibiotics, and the resistance rates of aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin, was also declining.Conclusion:The bacterial infection in PICU shows as the main characteristics of respiratory infection and gram-negative bacteria infection.Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, Enterococci and Staphylococcus species are becoming increasingly more resistant.

Rehabilitation training for children with neuromuscular disease in PICU / 中国小儿急救医学

Neuromuscular diseases refer to a class of congenital or acquired diseases mainly involving the spinal cord anterior horn motor cells, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle.The common symptoms and signs include respiratory failure, skeletal malformations, joint contracture, gait abnormalities and movement disorders, and so on.Children in PICU are in more critical conditions.Early systematic, standardized and individualized rehabilitation training can promote the recovery of neuromuscular function, prevent or reduce complications, reduce the incidence and severity of late limb dysfunction, as well as improve the long-term quality of life of children.This review summarized the rehabilitation training of children with neuromuscular disease in PICU.

Summary of evidence for non-pharmacological management of delirium in PICU patients / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To search and summarize the evidence for the non-pharmacological management of delirium of critically ill patients in PICU, and to provide evidence-based guidance for clinical practice.Methods:According to the "6S" evidence pyramid model, we searched computerized decision support system, websites of guidelines, and databases, and obtained the guidelines, clinical decisions, systematic reviews, and evidence summaries.After screening the articles, two researchers independently appraise articles using validated tools, and finally formed the evidence summary of delirium non-pharmacological management of critically ill patients in PICU.Results:Totally six articles were included for the evidence synthesis, including three guidelines, two systematic reviews, and one expert advice.Twenty pieces of evidence including four aspects were summarized, namely delirium screening, risk prediction, non-pharmacological prevention and management strategies, health care provider education and departmental standardization.Conclusion:The evidence summarized in this study can provide a reference to health care professionals.When we apply this evidence in the clinical setting, we should adapt it accordingly to the specific clinical setting to improve the effectiveness of the evidence.

Bacteriological monitoring and bacterial resistance analysis during five years in single center pediatric intensive care unit / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:The characteristics of bacteriology and the change of drug resistance in PICU of our hospital during recent 5 years were analyzed to guide clinical rational drug use.Methods:All positive results of bacterial culture in PICU from January 2016 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and were classified according to the sample source, strain type and drug sensitivity results.The bacterial etiology spectrum and drug resistance in PICU were summarized.Results:A total of 800 pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the specimens collected from the PICU from January 2016 to December 2020, including 476 Gram-negative bacteria, 292 Gram-positive bacteria, and 32 fungi, accounting for 59.50%, 36.50%, and 4.00%, respectively.The top 9 bacteria were: Staphylococcus aureus 134(16.75%), Haemophilusinfluenzae 79(9.88%), Klebsiellapneumoniae 78(9.75%), Streptococcus pneumoniae 74(9.25%), Escherichia coli 56(7.00%), Acinetobacterbaumannii 51(6.38%), Moraxella catarrhalis 48(6.00%), Enterobacter cloacae 26(3.25%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 25(3.13%). Drug sensitivity results showed that 27(48.21%, 27/56)strains of EScherichia coli and 42(53.85%, 42/78) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were positive for ultrawide spectrum β-lactamase, and a total of 24(17.91%, 24/134)strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were detected.Staphylococcus aureus was almost 100% resistant to penicillin G and ampicillin, and had high resistance rates to clindamycin and erythromycin(72.70% and 72.30%, respectively). It was 100% sensitive to minocycline, teicoranin, vancomycin, linezolid, and dattomycin.The drug resistance rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae to erythromycin and clindamycin were 98.60% and 98.50%, respectively.The drug resistance rates to azithromycin were 96.80%, the drug resistance rates to penicillin G, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were 12.30%, 5.40% and 1.50%, respectively, and the drug resistance rates to moxifloxacin, linezolid and vancomycin were 100% sensitive.Conclusion:During the past five years, the etiology of the PICU in our hospital is mainly Gram-negative bacteria, and the most common pathogenic bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus.Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli infections remain a great challenge.Bacterial resistance moitoring should be strengthened to provide evidence for the rational use of antibiotics.

The value of monitoring regional cerebral oxygen saturation in the prognosis assessment of comatose children in PICU / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To evaluate the value of monitoring regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO 2) in the prognosis of comatose children in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods:A total of 127 coma children who admitted to PICU at Henan Children′s Hospital from January 2019 to September 2021 were collected and divided into mild[Glasgow coma score(GCS): 13-15], moderate(GCS: 9-12) and severe coma(GCS: 3-8) groups according to GCS.A cerebral oxygen monitor was used to monitor the rSO 2 of all children before treatment, and on the 3rd, 7th and 14th day after treatment.The outcomes were assessed according to the pediatric cerebral performance category (PCPC), and the children were divided into recovery group(PCPC score: 1), disability group(PCPC score: 2-4) and poor prognosis group(PCPC score: 5-6). Multiple linear regression and receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve were used to analyze the correlation between rSO 2 and PCPC score. Results:rSO 2 in mild, moderate and severe coma groups before treatment were (78.06±3.21)%, (66.07±6.05)%, and (52.87±6.49)%, respectively ( F=209.263, P<0.05). rSO 2 before treatment was positively correlated with GCS( r=0.806, P<0.05). There were significant differences in rSO 2 among recovery group, disability group and poor prognosis group before treatment and that on the 3rd, 7th and 14th day after treatment ( P<0.05). Notably, rSO 2 in recovery group was higher than that in disability group, and rSO 2 in disability group was higher than that in poor prognosis group.The rSO 2 of three groups showed an increasing trend over time ( P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that rSO 2 on the 7th and 14th day of treatment were independent prognostic factors ( OR -0.042, 95% CI -0.082~0.003, P<0.05; OR -0.047, 95% CI -0.094~0.000, P<0.05). ROC analysis showed that rSO 2 on the 7th day of treatment had a relatively higher prognostic value for children in coma, and the area under the ROC curve for predicting the prognosis of abnormal brain function and no wakefulness were 0.741 and 0.746, respectively. Conclusion:Monitoring rSO 2 has predictive value for the prognosis of brain function of coma children in PICU, in which the prognostic value of rSO 2 on the 7th day after treatment is relatively higher and can be used as a reference index for prognosis assessment of coma children in PICU.

Influence of different admission sources on the outcome of children in pediatric intensive care unit / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To explore the relationship between different admission sources and outcomes at children in pediatric intensive care unit(PICU).Methods:The clinical data of children admitted to PICU of Henan Provincial People′s Hospital from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021 were collected.The children were divided into emergency group, outpatient group, ward transfer group and out-hospital transfer group according to different admission sources, and the influence of different admission sources on the outcome of children was analyzed.Results:A total of 413 children were included in the study.There were 141 cases(34.14%)in emergency group, 14 cases(3.39%)in outpatient group, 115 cases(27.85%)in ward transfer group and 143 cases(34.62%)in out-hospital transfer group.There were significant differences among the four groups in terms of age, length of hospital stay, PCIS score, type of disease, duration of mechanical ventilation and outcome of children( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in gender among the four groups( P=0.328). Among the 143 children of out-hospital transfer group, 92 cases(64.3%)were admitted during the day and 51 cases(35.7%)were admitted in the night.There was no significant difference in age, gender, duration of mechanical ventilation, PCIS score, length of hospital stay and outcome of children between two groups( P>0.05). The independent risk factors for mortality of children in out-hospital transfer group were length of hospital stay( OR=0.717, 95% CI 0.582-0.883, P=0.002), gender( OR=13.185, 95% CI 2.044-85.061, P=0.007), duration of mechanical ventilation>1 day( OR=23.524, 95% CI 3.294-168.026, P=0.002)and PCIS score≤80( OR=6.000, 95% CI 1.637-21.985, P=0.007). Conclusion:PICU children in our hospital mainly come from emergency, ward transfer and out-hospital transfer.The patients transferred from other hospitals were the most critically ill and had the worst outcome, suggesting that we need to develop and popularize referral standards for critically ill children and establish a transport system so that children can receive timely referral and effective treatment, so as to reduce the risk of death of referred children as far as possible.

Nutritional evaluation and implementation of enteral nutrition in PICU / 中国小儿急救医学

Most critically ill children are in a state of severe stress and prone to malnutrition, which lead to a decline in the body′s resistance to disease and repair ability, thus aggravating the condition of children.After the initial support treatment of multiple organ functions, nutritional support should be considered as soon as possible to improve the metabolic status and supplement the metabolic needs of children, which can improve the nutritional status of children.Reasonable nutritional support treatment can not only improve nutritional status of the body, but also benefit the recovery and prognosis of the disease.Enteral nutrition is highly valued because it conforms to the gastrointestinal physiology and improves the mucosal barrier function of gastrointestinal tract.

Risk factors and correlation with prognosis of epileptic seizures in 284 pediatric patients in pediatric intensive care unit with electroencephalography monitoring / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To illustrate the onset of epileptic seizures in children with brain injury admitted in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and to explore the risk factors and the correlation between epileptic seizures and the prognosis.Methods:Clinical data of pediatric patients with brain injury who were admitted to PICU of Peking University First Hospital from January 2013 to December 2019, and monitored by video electroencephalography (VEEG) were retrospectively collected, including general demographic information, etiological data, clinical seizures prior to VEEG performing, in-hospital mortality, brain function score, VEEG manifestations, etc.Seizures detected by VEEG were the primary outcome, and prognosis when discharged from PICU was the secondary outcome. Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors associated with seizures and poor outcome. Results:A total of 284 children were included, involving 54.9%(156/284) males.The median age of included children was 1.7(0.5, 5.0) years.Stratified by the cause of disease, 45.1%(128/284) had epilepsy, 26.1%(74/128) had genetic metabolic disease, and 14.4%(41/284) had central nervous system infection.A total of 82.0%(233/284) children had abnormal VEEG background activities, and 59.5%(169/284) had interictal epileptic discharges.Seizures were detected in 106 cases, including 39.6%(42/106) of non-convulsive seizures and 24.5%(26/106) of non-convulsive epileptic states.There were 12.0% (34/284) had poor prognosis at discharge, including 24 patients died in-hospital, and Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category scores were increased in 10 survivors.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that seizures existed before VEEG monitoring and interictal epileptiform discharge were the independent risk factors for seizure.Besides, mental retardation, sepsis related encephalopathy, consciousness abnormality during VEEG, abnormal VEEG background activity, and epileptic status were significantly correlated with the poor prognosis of children with brain injury in PICU. Conclusions:The incidence of electrographic seizure is higher in children with brain injury in PICU, and VEEG monitoring is beneficial to children with brain injury that achieves an early identification of seizures and prediction of prognosis.

Avaliação da gravidade (pim ii), funcionalidade (fss) e de desconforto respiratório (bsa) nos impactos e desfechos da internação hospitalar em utip / Assessment of severity (pim ii), functionality (fss) and of respiratory distress (bsa) in the impacts and outcomes of hospital admission in utip / Valoración de la gravedad (pim ii), funcionalidad (fss) y de la dificultad respiratoria (bsa) en los impactos y resultados del ingreso hospitalario en utip

Objetivo: identificar o perfil de admissões e o impacto nos desfechos de crianças internadas em uma terapia intensiva pediátrica e comparar os escores de gravidade, funcionalidade e de desconforto respiratório avaliados respectivamente pelas escalas (PIM II, FSS e BSA). Métodos: Estudo de caráter descritivo, retrospectivo, quantitativo de amostragem censitária. Ferramentas de avaliação: Pediatric Index of Mortality - PIM II, Functional Status Scoret -FSS, Boletim de Silverman-Andersen -BSA e avaliação de prontuários médicos e assistenciais. Resultados: 257 crianças menores de 12 anos foram incluídas no estudo durante todo o ano de 2019. A maioria 56% (n 143) eram menores de um ano e masculino 64 % (n 164) por causas respiratórias 60,05 % (n 155). A mortalidade foi de 9,8% (n 25), e a quantidade média de dias de ventilação mecânica foi de 4,57 dias ± 1,31. A idade não influenciou na quantidade de dias de ventilação mecânica (p<0.05), e o BSA avaliado isoladamente, não se associou a necessidade imediata de intubação (p<0.05), os pacientes do desfecho óbito ficaram em média 8,88 e ±13,04 dias internados, e no desfecho alta 4,73 ±6,63 dias. O PIM II pode ser utilizado para o risco de óbito (p <0,05) e valores maiores ou iguais a 21,58 % foram associados a óbitos e menores ou iguais a 6,65 % foram associados à alta. A FSS dos 257 pacientes na admissão foram: normal (147), disfunção leve (37), moderada (47) e grave (26); na alta hospitalar a FSS foi: normal (178), leve (21), moderada (25) e grave (8) mostrando que grau de funcionalidade normal e leve na admissão esta significativamente associado com a alta hospitalar (p< 0,001). Conclusão: O escore de gravidade PIM II foram compatíveis com os desfechos óbito ou alta, as variações no escore BSA para necessidade de ventilação mecânica não estão associados com a idade e com grau do escore. A funcionalidade mais adequada na admissão está associada ao desfecho alta, e os pacientes em sua maioria saem funcionais.

Objective: To identify the profile of admissions and the impact on outcomes of children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit and to compare severity, functionality and respiratory distress scores assessed respectively by the scales (PIM II, FSS and BSA). Methods: This was a descriptive, retrospective, quantitative study with census sampling. Assessment tools: Pediatric Index of Mortality - PIM II, Functional Status Scoret -FSS, Silverman-Andersen Bulletin -BSA and assessment of medical and health care records. Results: 257 children under the age of 12 years were included in the study throughout 2019. The majority 56% (n 143) were under one year and male 64 % (n 164) from respiratory causes 60.05 % (n 155). Mortality was 9.8% (n 25), and the average amount of days on mechanical ventilation was 4.57 days ± 1.31. Age had no influence on the number of days of mechanical ventilation (p<0.05), and the BSA assessed alone was not associated with the immediate need for intubation (p<0.05), the patients in the outcome death were hospitalized for an average of 8.88 ±13.04 days, and in the discharge outcome 4.73 ±6.63 days. The PIM II can be used for the risk of death (p <0.05) and values greater than or equal to 21.58 % were associated with death and less than or equal to 6.65 % were associated with discharge. The FSS of the 257 patients at admission were: normal (147), mild (37), moderate (47) and severe (26) dysfunction; at hospital discharge the FSS was: normal (178), mild (21), moderate (25) and severe (8) showing that the degree of normal and mild functionality at admission was significantly associated with hospital discharge (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The PIM II severity scores were compatible with the outcomes death or discharge, the variations in BSA score for mechanical ventilation need were not associated with age and score level. The most adequate functionality at admission is associated with the outcome discharge, and most patients leave the hospital functional.

Objetivo: Identificar el perfil de ingreso y el impacto en los resultados de los niños ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos y comparar las puntuaciones de gravedad, funcionalidad y distrés respiratorio evaluadas respectivamente por las escalas (PIM II, FSS y BSA). Métodos: Se trató de un estudio descriptivo, retros- pectivo y cuantitativo con muestreo censal. Instrumentos de evaluación: Índice de Mor- talidad Pediátrica - PIM II, Functional Status Scoret -FSS, Boletín de Silverman-Ander- sen -BSA y evaluación de historias clínicas y asistenciales. Resultados: 257 niños meno- res de 12 años fueron incluidos en el estudio a lo largo de 2019. La mayoría 56% (n 143) eran menores de un año y varones 64% (n 164) de causas respiratorias 60,05% (n 155). La mortalidad fue del 9,8% (n 25) y la media de días con ventilación mecánica fue de 4,57 días ± 1,31. La edad no influyó en el número de días de ventilación mecánica (p<0,05), y el BSA evaluado por sí solo no se asoció con la necesidad inmediata de intu- bación (p<0,05), los pacientes en el resultado muerte estuvieron hospitalizados una media de 8,88 ±13,04 días, y en el resultado alta 4,73 ±6,63 días. El PIM II se puede utilizar para el riesgo de muerte (p <0,05) y los valores mayores o iguales a 21,58 % se asociaron con la muerte y menores o iguales a 6,65 % se asociaron con el alta. La SFS de los 257 pacientes al ingreso fue: normal (147), disfunción leve (37), moderada (47) y grave (26); al alta hospitalaria la SFS fue: normal (178), leve (21), moderada (25) y grave (8) mos- trando que el grado de funcionalidad normal y leve al ingreso se asoció significativamente con el alta hospitalaria (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Las puntuaciones de gravedad del PIM II fueron compatibles con los resultados muerte o alta hospitalaria, las variaciones en la puntuación del BSA para la necesidad de ventilación mecánica no se asociaron con la edad y el nivel de puntuación. La funcionalidad más adecuada al ingreso se asocia con el resultado alta, y la mayoría de los pacientes salen del hospital funcionales.

Percepción de enfermería sobre la notificación de eventos adversos en cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Nurses' Perceptions about Adverse Event Reporting in Pediatric Intensive Care

Introducción: La notificación de eventos adversos es reflejo de la calidad asistencial de enfermería y de la cultura de seguridad. Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de enfermería sobre la notificación de eventos adversos en cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, de tipo investigación convergente asistencial, realizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Provincial Pediátrico "José Luis Miranda", Cuba, de octubre a diciembre del año 2022. Participaron 38 enfermeras, por medio de entrevista informal, observación participante y grupo de discusión. Los datos recogidos en el proceso investigativo fueron organizados por analogía de información y analizados de forma cualitativa, ello incluyó el descubrimiento, codificación y relativización de la información, lo cual permitió identificar categorías, codificar estas categorías y establecer relaciones. Resultados: Los participantes percibían que la notificación de eventos adversos se realizaba de forma verbal al jefe de equipo de enfermería. La ausencia de notificación ocurría por desconocimiento de los aspectos de la cultura de seguridad, temor a sanciones y no existencia de un sistema de notificación. Como parte de las estrategias para la notificación de eventos adversos los enfermeros sugirieron la realización de talleres y cursos formativos sobre cultura de seguridad, crear un ambiente laboral no punitivo que favorezca el análisis y aprendizaje de cada error. Conclusión: Los profesionales de enfermería perciben que se notifican de forma espontánea los eventos adversos en cuidados intensivos, existe la necesidad de formar al personal en cultura de seguridad del paciente y diseñar un sistema de vigilancia de eventos adversos(AU)

Introduction: Adverse event reporting is a reflection of nursing care quality and safety culture. Objective: To identify nurses' perception about adverse event reporting in pediatric intensive care. Methods: A qualitative study, of convergent care research type, was carried out in the intensive care unit of Hospital Provincial Pediátrico José Luis Miranda, in Cuba, from October to December 2022. Thirty-eight nurses participated in an informal interview, with participant observation and a discussion group. The data collected in the research process were organized by information analogy, as well as qualitatively analyzed. This included the discovery, coding and relativization of the information, which allowed to identify and code these categories, as well as establishing relationships. Results: The participants perceived that adverse event reporting was done verbally to the head nurse. The lack of reporting was due to lack of knowledge about safety culture aspects, fear of sanctions and the nonexistence of a reporting system. As part of the strategies to encourage adverse events reporting, the nurses suggested holding workshops and training courses on safety culture, as well as creating a nonpunitive working environment that favors the analysis and learning from each error. Conclusion: Nursing professionals perceive that adverse events in the intensive care settings are reported spontaneously. There is a need to train such staff based on a patient safety culture and to design an adverse event surveillance system(AU)

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the pediatric cerebral performance category (PCPC) and pediatric overall performance category (POPC) to Brazilian Portuguese / Tradução e adaptação transcultural da pediatric cerebral performance category (PCPC) e da pediatric overall performance category (POPC) para o português brasileiro

Abstract Objective: To translate and culturally adapt the scales Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) and Pediatric Overall Performance Category (POPC) to the Brazilian population. Methods: Two English language proficient professionals independently translated the original version of the scales into Brazilian Portuguese. After consensus, it was generated a translated version of each scale. These were back translated into English by two native English translators. A new consensus process resulted in an English version of each scale, which were compared with the originals and approved by the author. A committee of experts with clinical and academic experience in intensive care checked the validity of the content and produced the pre-final versions of the scales, which were tested by 25 professionals from a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. An audit was conducted to verify the consistency of the methodological process. Results: The pre-final versions were approved by 96% of the Brazilian professionals. No significant changes were made to the content of the instrument; however, it was identified the need of a guide with instructions on how to use the scales. Conclusions: The process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the scales was completed and resulted in PCPC-BR and POPC-BR scales.

Resumo Objetivo: Traduzir e adaptar culturalmente as escalas Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category e Pediatric Overall Performance Category para a população brasileira. Métodos: Dois tradutores proficientes na língua inglesa traduziram, independentemente, as versões originais das escalas para o português brasileiro. Após consenso, gerou-se uma versão traduzida de cada escala. Estas foram retrotraduzidas para o inglês por dois tradutores nativos da língua inglesa. Um novo consenso resultou em novas versões em inglês de cada escala, que foram confrontadas com as originais e receberam a aprovação da autora. Uma comissão de especialistas com experiência clínica e acadêmica em terapia intensiva verificou a validade de conteúdo e gerou as versões pré-finais das escalas, que foram testadas por 25 profissionais de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica. Uma auditoria foi realizada para verificar a consistência do processo metodológico. Resultados: As versões pré-finais foram aprovadas por 96% dos profissionais brasileiros. Não foram necessárias mudanças importantes no conteúdo do instrumento, entretanto observou-se a necessidade da criação de um guia com instruções sobre a aplicação das escalas. Conclusões: O processo de tradução e adaptação cultural das escalas foi concluído e resultou nas escalas PCPC-BR e POPC-BR.

Comparison of Full Outline of Unresponsiveness Score and Glasgow Coma Scale for Assessment of Consciousness in Children With Acute Encephalitis Syndrome

Objectives: To correlate the Full outline of unresponsiveness (FOUR) score and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) in the assessment of children with acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). Method: This observational study was conducted in the department of pediatrics of a public sector tertiary care center from January, 2019 to March, 2020. All consecutive patients of AES admitted during the study period (n=150) were recruited. Subjects were analyzed using the FOUR score and GCS on admission, and then 12-hourly till discharge/ death. Treatment-related and demographic variables were collected and analyzed. Correlation between FOUR score and GCS scores was calculated using spearman correlation coefficient. Results: Positive correlation was observed between the GCS score and the FOUR score (n=0.82; P<0.001). Conclusion: FOUR score and GCS were comparable to assess the level of consciousness in patients with AES. The possibility of using FOUR score as an alternative to GCS in children with AES needs to be considered.

Factores clínicos y socioeconómicos asociados a bronquiolitis severa en lactantes menores de 24 meses. Estudio de caso control

Introducción: En países en desarrollo, además de las comorbilidades, otros factores podrían aumentar el riesgo de enfermedad respiratoria severa. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los factores de riesgo clínicos, sociodemográficos y ambientales asociados al ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) de lactantes menores de 24 meses con diagnóstico de bronquiolitis. Materiales y métodos Diseño: caso- control. Se incluyó a lactantes de 0 a 24 meses de edad con el diagnóstico de bronquiolitis severa que ingresaron a la UCIP y los controles fueron lactantes bronquiolitis leve a moderada, sin requerimiento de UCIP. Se excluyeron las historias clínicas incompletas e imposibilidad de comunicación con los padres. Variables: bajo peso de nacimiento, parto pretérmino y presencia de enfermedades de base (EB), nivel socioeconómico, lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de edad, exposición al humo ambiental y al tabaco. Los datos fueron analizados en SPSS V21. El comité de ética aprobó el estudio con consentimiento informado de los padres. Resultados : Fueron incluidos 220 pacientes. Caso control 1:1. En el análisis bivariado los casos se asoció la presencia de EB, bajo peso de nacimiento, prematuridad, bajo estrato socioeconómico y ausencia de LME hasta 6 meses En el análisis ajustado la bronquiolitis severa se asoció a presencia de EB, bajo estrato socioeconómico y ausencia de LME hasta los 6 meses. Conclusiones La bronquiolitis severa en lactantes menores de 24 meses, se asoció a la presencia de comorbilidades, falta de lactancia materna exclusiva y a la pertenencia a estratos socioeconómicos bajo.

Introduction: In developing countries, in addition to comorbidities, other factors could increase the risk of severe respiratory disease. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical, sociodemographic, and environmental risk factors associated with admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of infants younger than 24 months with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis. Materials and methods: the study design was case-control. Infants from 0 to 24 months of age with a diagnosis of severe bronchiolitis who were admitted to the PICU were included, and the controls were infants with mild to moderate bronchiolitis, without PICU requirement. Cases with incomplete medical records and the inability to communicate with parents were excluded. Variables: low birth weight, preterm delivery and presence of underlying diseases (UD), socioeconomic level, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) up to 6 months of age, exposure to environmental smoke and tobacco. Data were analyzed in SPSS V21. The hospital ethics committee approved the study and parental informed consent was obtained. Results: 220 patients were included. Control case 1:1. In the bivariate analysis, the cases were associated with the presence of UD, low birth weight, prematurity, low socioeconomic status, and absence of EBF for up to 6 months. In the adjusted analysis, severe bronchiolitis was associated with the presence of UD, low socioeconomic status, and absence of EBF up to 6 months. Conclusions: Severe bronchiolitis in infants under 24 months of age was associated with the presence of comorbidities, lack of exclusive breastfeeding, and belonging to low socioeconomic strata.